Social media platforms, while offering unprecedented connectivity and access to information, have emerged as potent tools for the dissemination of extremist ideologies and the radicalization of individuals. The algorithms that power these platforms, designed to maximize user engagement, can inadvertently amplify harmful content, creating “echo chambers” where users are exclusively exposed to viewpoints that confirm their existing biases, no matter how extreme. This curated reality can lead to the erosion of critical thinking, the dehumanization of “others,” and ultimately, the embrace of radical ideologies.
That is why analysing social media’s impact on radicalization is critical for PCVE scholars, practitioners, and contributors so that the subject can keep up with current global trends in 2025. This includes using algorithms, AI, filter bubbles, echo chamber effects, misinformation and disinformation, and the lack of accountability from creators. This article will delve more into the research conducted by scholars when discussing social media’s impact on radicalization, specifically with the trend happening in Southeast Asia.
Filter Bubble in Social Media Platforms
One of the primary mechanisms through which social media facilitates radicalization is the filter bubble. This phenomenon describes the personalized experience users encounter on platforms like Facebook and YouTube, where algorithms curate content based on past interactions, leading to an isolated information environment. Individuals are primarily exposed to viewpoints that align with their existing beliefs, reinforcing these perspectives and shielding them from dissenting opinions. This lack of exposure to diverse perspectives can contribute to the formation of extreme worldviews and the hardening of pre-existing biases.
Echo Chamber Effect
Furthermore, the echo chamber effect exacerbates the dangers of filter bubbles. Within these echo chambers, like-minded individuals congregate, amplifying each other’s views and creating a shared identity and purpose. This can lead to the normalization of extreme viewpoints, as dissenting voices are marginalized and dismissed. The constant reinforcement of these views can further radicalize individuals, making them more susceptible to extremist ideologies and calls to action.
The Big Current of Misinformation and Disinformation
The spread of misinformation and disinformation is another significant factor contributing to social media-driven radicalization. Extremist groups and individuals actively exploit social media platforms to disseminate false or misleading information, often designed to incite hatred, fear, and violence. Often presented as credible news or eyewitness accounts, these narratives can quickly go viral, reaching a vast audience and shaping public perception. The rapid spread of such content can create a climate of distrust and polarization, making it difficult for individuals to discern truth from falsehood.
Anonymity and Lack of Accountability from Creators
Moreover, the anonymity and lack of accountability offered by social media platforms can embolden individuals to express extreme views and engage in hateful rhetoric without fear of repercussions. This can create a sense of detachment from the real-world consequences of their words, leading to the dehumanization of others and the normalization of violence. Online platforms can become breeding grounds for extremist communities, where individuals can connect with like-minded individuals, share hateful content, and plan real-world actions.
The impact of social media on radicalization is not limited to the online sphere. The ideologies and connections forged online can translate into real-world violence. Studies have shown a correlation between exposure to extremist content online and the perpetration of acts of terrorism and violence. Individuals radicalized online may be inspired to commit acts of violence against perceived enemies, fueled by the dehumanizing rhetoric and calls to action they encounter in online spaces.
The Southeast Asia Trends on Social Media Radicalization
Regional Variations:
- Indonesia: Indonesia faces a significant challenge from groups like Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD), an Indonesian affiliate of the Islamic State (ISIS). JAD has been responsible for a series of attacks in Indonesia, including bombings and assaults on law enforcement officials. The Indonesian government has implemented various counter-terrorism measures, including deradicalization programs and increased surveillance of online activities.
- Philippines: The Philippines grapples with a complex security environment, facing threats from both Islamist and communist insurgencies. Groups like Abu Sayyaf, known for kidnappings and bombings, and the New People’s Army (NPA), the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines, actively utilize online platforms for recruitment, propaganda, and logistical support.
- Malaysia: Malaysia has witnessed a rise in online extremism linked to ISIS and other transnational terrorist organizations. Malaysian authorities have been actively countering online radicalization through measures such as online surveillance, counter-narrative campaigns, and deradicalization programs.
What are the key components to addressing the challenges of social media-driven radicalization?
- Platform Responsibility: Social media companies must take greater responsibility for disseminating content. This includes developing more robust algorithms prioritising credible information and limiting the spread of misinformation and disinformation. Implementing stricter measures to combat hate speech and extremist content is crucial while ensuring that these measures do not infringe upon freedom of expression.
- Media Literacy Education: Promoting media literacy education is essential to equip individuals with the critical thinking skills to evaluate information critically and identify biases. This education should focus on understanding how algorithms work, the potential for manipulation, and the importance of verifying information from multiple sources.
- Interdisciplinary Research: Continued research is necessary to understand the complex interplay between social media, psychology, and extremism. This research should investigate the psychological mechanisms through which individuals are radicalized online, the effectiveness of different counter-radicalization strategies, and the evolving tactics employed by extremist groups to exploit social media platforms.
- International Cooperation: The issue of social media-driven radicalization transcends national borders. International cooperation is essential to develop and implement effective counter-radicalization strategies. This includes sharing best practices, coordinating law enforcement efforts, and fostering dialogue between governments, technology companies, and civil society organizations.
Conclusion
In conclusion, social media platforms have undeniably transformed how we connect, communicate, and consume information. However, these platforms also present significant challenges, particularly in the context of radicalization. The algorithms that power these platforms can inadvertently amplify extremist ideologies, create echo chambers, and facilitate the spread of misinformation. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort from governments, technology companies, educators, and civil society organizations. By fostering media literacy, promoting critical thinking, and holding social media companies accountable, we can mitigate the risks of social media-driven radicalization and create a more informed and resilient society.
References:
- Erdoğan, Halide. 2023. “Dark Side of the Web in the Context of Online Radicalization”. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 13 (1), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.131.03.
- Wolfowicz, M., Weisburd, D. & Hasisi, B. Examining the interactive effects of the filter bubble and the echo chamber on radicalization. J Exp Criminol 19, 119–141 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09471-0
- O’Hara, K. and Stevens, D. (2015), Echo Chambers and Online Radicalism: Assessing the Internet’s Complicity in Violent Extremism. Policy & Internet, 7: 401-422. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.88
- Piazza, J. A. (2021). Fake news: the effects of social media disinformation on domestic terrorism. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 15(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1895263
- Tsesis, A. “Social Media Accountability for Terrorist Propaganda.” 86 Fordham L. Rev. 605 (2017). https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5444&context=flr
- K-Hub.id. (2024). Strategi komunikasi Digitaltangkal Paham Radikal. K-Hub PCVE Outlook #4. https://outlook.khub.id/id/strategikomunikasidigitaloms
- Habulan, A., Taufiqurrohman, M., Jani, M. H. B., Bashar, I., Zhi’An, F., & Yasin, N. A. M. (2018). Southeast Asia: Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Online Extremism. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 10(1), 7–30. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26349853
- Yunus, A. (2022). Countering Online Radicalisation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Malaysia. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 14(2), 9–15. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48663621
SEAN-CSO provides a platform for civil society organisations in Southeast Asia to network and share resources. Through this network, members can support each other, share knowledge, and coordinate efforts to address the region’s social challenges. In doing so, SEAN-CSO contributes to strengthening the voice of civil society at both regional and international levels.